Abstract

The evolution of blockchain technology presents inherent challenges in achieving balance between scalability, security, and decentralization. Traditional consensus mechanisms often struggle to adapt to diverse network conditions and varying security requirements across different blockchain layers. This limitation becomes particularly evident in multi-layer blockchain architectures, where different layers serve distinct purposes and face unique challenges.

To address these challenges, we present HASC (Hybrid Adaptive Secure Consensus), a novel consensus mechanism specifically designed for multi-layer blockchain networks. HASC introduces a dual-layer architecture incorporating an innovative Task-weighted Proof of Stake (TwPoS) mechanism in the core layer and a simplified Proof of Stake (PoS) mechanism in the external layer. The mechanism's distinguishing feature lies in its adaptive weight calculation formula: W = α·S + β·T + γ·E + δ·V(t) + ε·R(h), which dynamically adjusts based on token holdings, task completion, and external network conditions.

Our primary contributions include: (1) a hybrid consensus design that seamlessly integrates multiple consensus mechanisms across different network layers, (2) an adaptive security framework that dynamically adjusts consensus parameters based on network conditions and security requirements, and (3) a cross-layer coordination protocol that ensures efficient state synchronization and dispute resolution between layers while maintaining security guarantees.

Experimental results demonstrate that HASC achieves superior performance compared to existing solutions, with the core layer processing up to 2,000 transactions per second (TPS) and the external layer exceeding 100,000 TPS. Security analysis proves that HASC can resist various attack vectors, including long-range attacks and nothing-at-stake problems, while maintaining a high degree of decentralization with a Nakamoto coefficient greater than 100. The system demonstrates robust scalability and maintains a 99.99% service level agreement (SLA) in real-world deployments.

The proposed consensus mechanism provides a promising foundation for building secure, scalable, and efficient multi-layer blockchain networks, particularly suitable for applications in decentralized finance (DeFi) and real-world asset (RWA) tokenization. This work represents a significant step forward in addressing the blockchain scalability trilemma while maintaining robust security guarantees.